ASME B16.9-2018 工廠製造的鍛紮製對焊管配件解析中英文版本
- 分類:行業動態
- 作者:羞羞网站入口管道
- 來源:河北羞羞网站入口管道有限公司
- 發布時間:2022-01-22
- 訪問量:415
【概要描述】風雨兼程二十載,羞羞网站入口公司一直秉承"誠信務實,品質至上"的經營方針,現在已經成為一家集研製、羞羞网站免费观看、銷售和服務於一體的大型的管道裝備製造企業。
ASME B16.9-2018 工廠製造的鍛紮製對焊管配件解析中英文版本
【概要描述】風雨兼程二十載,羞羞网站入口公司一直秉承"誠信務實,品質至上"的經營方針,現在已經成為一家集研製、羞羞网站免费观看、銷售和服務於一體的大型的管道裝備製造企業。
- 分類:行業動態
- 作者:羞羞网站入口管道
- 來源:河北羞羞网站入口管道有限公司
- 發布時間:2022-01-22
- 訪問量:415
FACTORY-MADE WROUGHT BUTTWELDING FITTINGS
工廠製造的鍛紮製對焊管配件
- SCOPE
- General
- General
This Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing, and markings for
factory-made wrought buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1∕2 through NPS 48 (DN 15 through DN
1200). 本標準包括 NPS 1/2 至 NPS 48(DN15-1200)的鍛軋製工廠製造的對焊管件的總體尺寸、公差、壓力額定值、試驗及標記。
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- Special Fittings
- Special Fittings
Fittings may be made to special dimensions, sizes, shapes, and tolerances by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. 按製造廠和采購方雙方協議,可製造特殊尺寸、口徑、形狀和公差的管件。
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- Fabricated Fittings
- Fabricated Fittings
Fabricated laterals and other fittings employing circumferential or intersection welds are considered pipe fabrication and are not within the scope of this Standard. 采用環焊縫或交叉焊縫的製備的分支管件及其他管件均屬於管製品,不屬於本標準的範圍。
Fabricated lap joint stub ends are exempt from the above restrictions, provided they meet all the requirements of the applicable ASTM material specification listed in section 5. 製備的翻邊為以上限製的例外,如果這類管件滿足第 5 節中 ASTM 材料規定的所有其他規定時。
ð18Þ 1.4 Relevant Units
This Standard states values in both SI (Metric) and U.S. Customary units. These systems of units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables, the U.S. Customary units are shown in parentheses. 這個標準用 SI(米製)和美國習慣單位製。這些單位製應單獨表述在標準。在文本和表格中,括號中顯示了美國常用的單位。
The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, it is required that each system of units be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems constitutes nonconformance with the Standard. 每個單位製中所述的值並不完全相等;因此,每個單位製必須獨立使用。將來自兩個單位製組合在一起構成不符合標準。
The designation for size is NPS for both Metric- and Customary-dimensioned fittings. Fitting pressure rating is associated with the connecting wall thickness of pipe of equivalent size and
material. 對於米製和美國慣用單位的管件,口徑的標誌是 NPS。管件壓力的額定值與相同尺寸
和材料的管道的連接壁厚有關。
1.5 References
ð18Þ 1.5.1 Referenced Standards. Standards and specifications adopted by reference in this Standard are shown in Mandatory Appendix I. It is not considered practical to identify the specific edition of each standard and specification in the individual references. Instead, the specific edition reference is identified in Mandatory Appendix I. A product made in conformance with a prior edition of referenced standards and in all other respects conforming to this Standard will be considered to be in conformance. 引用標準——本標準中引用的標準和技術條件如附錄 I 所示。辨認在單獨引用時每項標準和技術條件的特定版次被認為是不切實際的。作為替代辦法,在附錄
I 中列出了特定版次。按符合於引用到的標準的較早版次製造的男女羞羞在线观看,隻要在所有其他方麵都符
合於本標準,將被認為是符合於本標準。
1.5.2 Codes and Regulations. A fitting used under the jurisdiction of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), the ASME Code for Pressure Piping, or a governmental regulation is
subject to any limitation of that code or regulation. This includes any maximum temperature limitation or rule governing the use of a material at low temperature. 法規和條例。在 ASME 鍋爐和壓力容器規範(BPVC)、ASME 壓力管道規範或政府法規管轄下使用的配件受該規範或法規的限製。這包括任何最高溫度極限,或控製材料在低溫下使用的規則。
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- Service Conditions
- Service Conditions
Criteria for selection of fitting types and materials suitable for particular fluid service are not within the scope of this Standard. 適用於特定流體應用場合的管件類型和材料的選擇標準不屬於本標準的範圍。
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- Welding
- Welding
Installation welding requirements are outside the scope of this Standard. 安裝焊接要求超出了本標準的範圍。
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- Quality Systems
- Quality Systems
Nonmandatory requirements relating to the fitting manufacturer’s Quality System Program are described in Nonmandatory Appendix A. 管件製造商的質量體係程序相關的非強製性要求見非強製性附錄 A。
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- Convention
- Convention
For determining conformance with this Standard, the convention for fixing significant digits where limits (maximum and minimum values) are specified shall be as defined in ASTM E29. This requires that an observed or calculated value be rounded off to the nearest unit in the last
right-hand digit used for expressing the limit. Decimal values and tolerances do not imply a particular method of measurement. 為了確定與本標準的一致性,習慣上,在要求限定值(最大或最小值)時,確定有效數位的慣例應是按 ASTM E29 的規定進行圓整。這樣就要求在表示限定值時,應對測量值或計算值的最右側緊靠有效位的數進行圓整。小數值和公差不意味著特殊的 測定方法。
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- Pressure Rating Designation
- Pressure Rating Designation
Class followed by a dimensionless number is the designation for pressure–temperature ratings. Standardized designations for flanges per ASME B16.5 referenced in this Standard are Classes 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500. (Class)後接一個無量綱數的磅級,是壓力-溫度額定值的標識。在本標準中,依據本標準引用的 ASME B16.5 法蘭其標準化標識是 150,300,600,900,
1500,和 2500 磅級。
- PRESSURE RATINGS
2.1 Basis of Ratings
The allowable pressure ratings for fittings designed in accordance with this Standard may be calculated as for straight seamless pipe of equivalent material (as shown by comparison of composition and mechanical properties in the respective material specifications) in accordance with the rules established in the applicable sections of ASME B31, Code for Pressure Piping. For the calculation, applicable data for the pipe size, wallthickness, and material that are equivalent to that of the fitting shall be used. Pipe size, wall thickness (or schedule number), and material identity on the fittings are in lieu of pressure rating markings. 按本標準設計的管件的許用壓力額定值應根據 ASME B31,《壓力管道規範》適用卷所確定的規則,可按相同材料(按相應材料技術條件的化學成分及力學性能比較)的無縫直管的計算。為了這一計算,應使用與管件相當的 管子規格、壁厚及材料的適用數據。管件上的尺寸,壁厚(或壁厚序列號)及材料識別可代替壓 力額定值標記
ð18Þ 2.2 Design of Fittings
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- Acceptable Design Methods. The design of fittings shall be established by one of the following methods: 可接受的設計方法。管件的設計應采用下列方法之一:
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- mathematical analyses contained in nationally recognized pressure vessel or piping codes (e.g., ASME B31.3 para. 304.2 for elbows and para. 304.3 for tees). 國家認可的壓力容器或管道規範中包含的數學分析。(如 ASME B31.3 304.2 節用於彎頭計算,304.3 節用於三通計算)。
- proof testing in accordance with section 9 of this Standard. 根據本標準第 9 條進行驗證性試驗。
- experimental stress analysis, such as described in ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 2, Annex
5.F with validation of results. Hydrostatic testing can be used to validate experimental results. 實驗性應力分析,如 ASME BPVC,第 8 節,第 2 部分,附件 5 所述。F 與驗證結果。水壓試驗可用於驗證實驗結果。
- detailed stress analysis (e.g.,finite elementmethod) with results evalsuated as described in ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 2, Part 5 with validation of results. Strain measurement, photoelastic testing, or hydrostatic testing can be used to validate calculated results. 詳細的應力分析(如有限單元法),評估結果如 ASME BPVC 第 8 節第 2 部分第 5 部分所述,並對結果進行驗證。應變測量、彈性測試或水壓試驗可用於驗證計算結果。
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- Design Thickness. To meet design or manufacturing requirements, it is expected that some portion of formed fittings may have to be thicker than the pipe wall with which the fitting is intended to be used. The mathematical analyses, if used, may take into account such thicker
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sections. 設計厚度。為了滿足設計或製造的要求,可以預料,成型管件某些部分的壁厚可能需要比準備使用該管件的管道壁厚要厚。如有需要,數學分析可以考慮這些較厚的部分。
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- Records. Copies of English-language records of the mathematical analysis, the successful proof test, or both shall be made available to the purchaser or regulatory authority upon request. 記錄。應買方或監管機構要求,提供數學分析、成功驗證測試或兩者的英文記錄副本。
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- SIZE
NPS, followed by a dimensionless number, is the designation for nominal fitting size. NPS is related to the reference nominal diameter, DN, used in international standards. The relationship is, typically, as follows: NPS 後麵跟著一個無量綱數,是標稱擬合尺寸的名稱。NPS 與國際標準中使用的參考公稱直徑 DN 有關。這種關係通常如下:
DN NPS
15 1∕2
20 3∕4
25 1
32 11∕4
40 11∕2
50 2
65 21∕2
80 3
100 4
NOTE: For NPS > 4, the equivalence is DN = 25 × NPS. 注:對於NPS > 4, DN = 25×NPS。
- MARKING
- Standard Marking
- Standard Marking
Each fitting shall be permanently marked to show the following: 每件管件都應永久標記,以顯示
以下內容:
- manufacturer’s name or trademark 製造商名稱或商標
- material identification, either the ASTM or ASME grade designation 材料標識,ASTM 或 ASME
等級標識
- schedule number1 or nominal wall thickness in mm 管表號或公稱壁厚(毫米)
- size — the nominal pipe size (NPS) identification number related to the end connections shall be used 規格—應使用與端部連接的管道公稱通徑(NPS)標識號
- compliance— see para. 4.4 for standard and special fitting marking 符合性—見 4.4 節,標準
和特殊管件標誌;
A manufacturer may supplement these mandatory markings with others, including a DN size designation, but confusion with the required marking shall be avoided. 羞羞网站免费观看廠家可以提供其他的要求標誌,包括 DN 規格標示,但是要避免標示的混淆。
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- Exceptions
- Exceptions
Where the size of the fitting does not permit complete marking, the identification marks may be omitted in reverse of the order presented in para. 4.1. 當管件的尺寸不允許進行全部標誌時,可逆上述順序省略識別標誌(按 4.1 節)。
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- Depth of Stamping
- Depth of Stamping
Where steel stamps are used, care shall be taken so that the marking is not deep enough or sharp enough to cause cracks or to reduce the wall thickness of the fitting below the minimum allowed. 使用鋼印時,應注意標記的深度和鋒利程度,以免造成裂紋或使管件的壁厚低於允許的最小值
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- Compliance
- Standard Fittings. That the fitting was manufactured in conformance with this Standard, including all dimensional requirements, is certified by a prefix “WP” in the material grade designation marking. 標準管件。該管件的製造符合本標準,包括所有尺寸要求,在材料等級標識中的前綴“WP”標記。
- Special Fittings. That the fitting was manufactured in conformance with this Standard, except that dimensional requirements are as agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer, is certified by a supplementary suffix to the material grade designation marking as follows: 特殊管件。管件的製造符合本標準,但尺寸要求由買方和製造商共同商定的除外,由以下材料等級標 識的附加後綴認證:
- Compliance
- “S58” of ASTM A960 applies for fittings in accordance with ASTM A234, ASTM A403, and ASTM A420. “S58”適用於符合 ASTM A960 的 ASTM A234、ASTM A403 和 ASTM A420 的管件。
- “S8” applies for fittings in accordance with ASTM A815. “S8”適用於符合 ASTM A815 的管件。
- “SPLD” applies for fittings in accordance with ASTM B361, ASTM B363, and ASTM B366.
“SPLD”適用於符合 ASTM B361、ASTM B363 和 ASTM B366 的管件。
ð18Þ 5 MATERIAL
Wrought fittings covered by this Standard shall be in accordance with ASTM A234, ASTM A403, ASTM A420, ASTM A815, ASTM B361, ASTM B363, ASTM B366, or the corresponding
specification listed in ASME BPVC,Section II. The term “wrought” denotes fittings made of pipe, tubing, plate, or forgings. For purposes of determining proof testing requirements of section 9, the materials are grouped by similar properties as shown in Table 5-1. 本標準所涵蓋的鍛件應符合 ASTM A234、ASTM A403、ASTM A420、ASTM A815、ASTM B361、ASTM B363、ASTM B366
或 ASME BPVC 第二節中列出的相應規範。“鍛造”一詞是指由管、管、板或鍛件製成的管件。
為了確定第 9 節的驗證測試要求,材料按類似的屬性分組,如表 5-1 所示
Fittings made from block forgings may only be supplied subject to agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser. Such fittings need not meet the requirements of section 7. 由塊狀鍛件製成的管件隻能在製造商和買方同意的情況下提供。這些管件不需要符合第 7 條的要求。
- FITTING DIMENSIONS
- General
- General
This Standard provides for a fixed position for the welding ends with reference to either the centerline of the fittings or the overall dimensions. Dimensional requirements for these fittings are in Tables 6.1-1 through 6.1-11. 本標準規定了焊接端相對於連接件中心線或整體尺寸的固定位置。這些配件的尺寸要求見表 6.1-1 至 6.1-11。
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- Special Dimensions
- Fatigue Loading. For applications where fatigue loading is a concern, required minimum dimensions shall be furnished by the purchaser. 疲勞載荷。對於涉及疲勞載荷的應用,買方應提供所需的最小尺寸。
- Bore Diameter. Bore diameters away from the ends are not specified. If special flow path requirements are needed, the bore dimensions shall be specified by the purchaser. 內徑。沒有指定遠離端部的內徑。如果需要特殊的流道要求,孔的尺寸應由買方指定。
- Stub Ends. Service conditions and joint construction often dictate stub end length requirements. Therefore, the purchaser must specify long or short pattern fitting when ordering. [See General Note (b) in Table 6.1-9.] 短管端——使用工況和連接結構常常規定短管端的長度要求。因此,購買方必須在定貨時規定長或短型管件[見表 6.1-9 的一般說明(b)]
- Special Dimensions
ð18Þ 6.2.4 Segmental Elbows. Factory-made segments of short radius, long radius, and 3D radius elbows may be made to meet customer angle requirements. With the exception of the B dimension, factory-made segments of elbows shall meet all other requirements of this Standard. The B dimension for segmented elbows can be calculated as follows: 分段彎頭. 工廠羞羞网站免费观看的短半徑、長半徑和三維半徑彎頭可以滿足客戶的角度要求。除 B 尺寸外,工廠製造的彎頭段應滿足本標準的所有其他要求。分段彎頭的 B 尺寸可計算如下:
For segments of 90-deg elbows 對 90 度弧形彎頭
B s = A× tan( /2)
where 式中
A = dimension A for appropriate 90-deg elbow being segmented from 特殊 90 度弧形的尺寸按照相當於 90 度弧形的彎頭尺寸,根據下表切割
- Table 6.1-1 for long radius elbow, mm (in.) 表 6.1-1 長半徑彎頭,mm(英寸)
- Table 6.1-4 for short radius elbow,mm(in.) 表 6.1-4 短半徑彎頭,mm(英寸)
- Table 6.1-6 for 3D radius elbow, mm (in.) 表 6.1-6 為 3D 半徑彎頭,mm (in)
Bs = center-to-end dimension for segmented elbow 弧形彎頭中心至端部尺寸
θ = angle of segmented elbow — 30 deg, 60 deg, 75 deg, etc. 弧形彎頭角度—30 度、60 度、75 度,等
When special elbows are intended for field segmenting, the outsideor inside diameter tolerance shall be furnished throughout the fitting by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Any mismatch on the outside or inside diameter needs to be corrected in the field by grinding, back-welding, or bridging of weld to meet the applicable piping code requirements.
Although the elbow intended for field segmenting must meet the requirements of this Standard, once the field-segmented elbow is cut, it is not a B16.9 product. 當特殊彎頭被安排在現場切割時, 應該根據製造商和買方之間合同提供外徑和內徑公差。外徑和內徑的失配,必須通過現場磨削、
補焊或橋焊來達到適用的管道規範的要求。既使彎頭是被安排在現場切割時,也必須符合本標準 的要求。一旦現場切割的彎頭被切下,它就不再是 B16.9 男女羞羞在线观看了
- SURFACE CONTOURS
Where adjacent openings in fittings are not in parallel planes, they shall be joined by a circular arc or radius on the external surfaces. The arc or radius may be terminated in tangents. Except as provided for block forgings (see section 5), the projected profile of external surfaces of fittings shall not have sharp intersections (corners) and/or collapsed arcs. 當管件上相鄰的開孔不在平行平麵上時,它們應由外表麵上的一段圓弧或圓角相連接。圓弧或圓角可能終止於相切處。除由 鍛坯(見第 5 節)提供的之外,管件外表麵的投影輪廓應沒有尖利的角和/或倒塌弧度。
- END PREPARATION
Unless otherwise specified, the details of the welding end preparation shall be in accordance with Table 8-1. Transitions from the welding bevel to the outside surface of the fitting and from the root face to the inside surface of the fitting lying within the maximum envelope shown in Figure
8-1 are at the manufacturer’s option, except as covered in Note (5) of Figure 8-1 or unless otherwise specifically ordered. 除非另有規定,焊接端準備詳見表 8-1。除非如圖 8-1 的注釋(5) 所述或另有特別規定,在如圖 8-1 所示的最大包絡線的範圍內,由焊接坡口到管件的外表麵以及由根部鈍邊到管件的內表麵的過渡由製造廠自定。
- DESIGN PROOF TEST
ð18Þ
- Required Tests
- Required Tests
Proof tests shall be made as set forth in this Standard when the manufacturer chooses proof testing to qualify the fitting design. The pressure design thickness for critical areas of each type of fitting shall be determined and recorded. The design thickness for other sizes or wall thicknesses covered in para. 9.4 shall require a similar percentage of reinforcement proportional by size or thickness. Critical areas are normally the inner radius of elbows, the crotch of tees and crosses, the knuckle radius of caps, and the large ends of reducers. Proof test shall be based on the computed burst pressure of the fitting and its connecting piping as defined in para. 9.3. 當製造廠選擇驗證試驗方法來對管件的設計進行鑒定時,應按本標準的規定進行驗證試驗。確定並記錄每 種類型管件的關鍵區域的壓力設計厚度。第 9.4 節中其它尺寸或壁厚的設計厚度需要根據尺寸和壁厚增加相同比例的補強。關鍵區域通常是彎頭的內弧、三通和四通的肩部、管帽的圓弧部位和 異徑管的大端。驗證試驗應基於 9.3 節定義的通過計算獲得的管件及其連接管子的爆裂壓力。
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- Test Assembly
- Representative Components. Each fitting type shall be tested, except that testing of certain types of fittings can qualify other fittings as described in Table 9.2.1-1. Fittings from the same material group that have the same basic design configuration and method of manufacture shall be selected from production for testing and shall be identified as to material, grade, and lot, including heat treatment.代表樣品. 每種管件類型都應進行測試,按表 9.2.1-1 所述,某些類型的管件可以覆蓋表中的管件,免除測試。應從羞羞网站免费观看中選擇具有相同基本設計配置和製造方法的相同 材料組的管件進行檢測,應確定材料、等級和批次,包括熱處理。
- Test Assembly
- Examples of different basic configurations include the following: 不同基本配置的例子包括如
下:
- elbows of different centerline radius (short versus long versus 3D radius) 不同彎曲半徑的彎頭(短、長、3D 半徑)
- tees or crosses formed in full encircling dies versus cold or hot extrusion using a pad die 三通或四通成型時采用全包圍模具或用墊板局部冷、熱擠壓。
- concentric versus eccentric shaped reducers 同心或偏心異徑管
- caps of different configurations 不同類型的管帽
- Examples of different methods of manufacture include the following 不同的製造方法的例子包括以下:
- mandrel-formed elbows versus elbows welded from two half-shells versus bent pipe 推製成型的彎頭或采用哈弗式分片壓製焊接的彎頭
- cold-formed tees or crosses versus extruded tees versus machined from solid forgings 冷成型的三通、四通,擠壓成型的三通或由鍛件加工的三通
- conical reducers versus bell-shaped (integral tangents) reducers 錐形異徑管或鍾形異徑管(相切)
- caps formed by extruding through a draw ring versus ends cut off cold-formed tees versus machined from solids 通過擠壓拉伸成型的管帽、切掉冷擠三通頂部得到的管帽或鍛件機械加工的管帽
- hot forming versus cold forming or using differential heating 熱成型,冷成型或采用局部加熱
成型
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- Other Components. Straight seamless or welded pipe whose calculated bursting strength is at least as great as the proof test pressure as calculated in para. 9.3 shall be welded to each end of the fitting to be tested. Pipe sections may have the nominal wall greater than the thickness indicated by the fitting markings. That greater thickness shall notexceed 1.5times the fittingmarkings wall. Any internal misalignment greater than 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) shall be reduced by taper boring at a slope not greater than 1:3. Any other unequal wall welding preparation shall be in accordance with ASME B16.25. Length of pipe sections for closures shall be as follows:
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- 其他樣品。無縫或焊接直管,其計算破裂強度至少與 9.3 節計算的試驗壓力相同,鋼管要焊接到待測管件的兩端。鋼管的公稱壁厚度可能大於管件標記所指示的厚度,鋼管的最大厚度不 得超過管件標記壁厚的 1.5 倍。任何大於 1.5 毫米(0.06 英寸)的內部錯邊應通過錐度鏜孔(不大於 1:3 的坡度)來減少。其他不同壁厚的焊接坡口按照 ASME B16.25 執行,用於封堵的鋼管長度計算如下:
- Minimum length of pipe shall be one pipe O.D. for NPS 14 (DN 350) and smaller. NPS14 (DN
- 其他樣品。無縫或焊接直管,其計算破裂強度至少與 9.3 節計算的試驗壓力相同,鋼管要焊接到待測管件的兩端。鋼管的公稱壁厚度可能大於管件標記所指示的厚度,鋼管的最大厚度不 得超過管件標記壁厚的 1.5 倍。任何大於 1.5 毫米(0.06 英寸)的內部錯邊應通過錐度鏜孔(不大於 1:3 的坡度)來減少。其他不同壁厚的焊接坡口按照 ASME B16.25 執行,用於封堵的鋼管長度計算如下:
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350)及以下口徑,鋼管最小長度=鋼管外徑。
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- Minimum length of pipe shall be one-half pipe O.D. for NPS greater than 14 (DN 350). NPS14 (DN 350)以上口徑,鋼管最小長度=0.5*鋼管外徑。
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- Test Procedure
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To qualify a fitting by proof testing, the fitting shall be tested as described herein and shall withstand the minimum calculated pressure for at least 180 s (3 min). 為了通過驗證性試驗測試使管件合格,管件應該按照本文所述進行測試,並且應該承受至少 180 秒(3 分鍾)的最小計算壓力。
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- Number ofTests.At least three specimen tests for each fitting, joint size, or configuration are recommended. The test factor, f, is based on the number of specimen tests performed. The test factor, f, described in Table 9.3.1-1, is used in the computed proof test pressure equation. 檢測數量。建議對每類管件至少三次試樣試驗,推薦按照接頭尺寸或結構選擇。測試因子 f 是基於所進行的樣本測試的數量。試驗係數 f 如表 9.3.1-1 所示,用於計算證明試驗壓力方程。
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NOTE: Tests of geometrically identical fittings of different sizes and wall thicknesses that have overlapping ranges as described in para. 9.4 may be combined to establish the test factor applied to a set of fittings. For example, testing an NPS 2, NPS 8, and NPS 24 of the same basic design configuration and method of
manufacture would qualify for a test factor of 1.0 and would qualify fittings of that type from NPS 1 to NPS
48 and thickness ranges in accordance with para. 9.4.2. 注:不同尺寸和壁厚的幾何形狀相同的管件的試驗, 其重疊範圍如段 9.4 所述。可以結合段 9.4 以確定適用於一套管件的測試係數。例如,測試具有相同的基本設計配置和製造方法口徑為 nps2、nps8 和 nps24 的管件,可以獲得 1.0 的測試因子,可以根據第 9.4.2 節確定壁厚覆蓋範圍,口徑覆蓋範圍從NPS 1 到 NPS 48
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- Computed Test Pressure. The minimum proof test pressure shall be at least equal to the value computed by the following equation and rounded to the nearest 0.2MPa (25 psi): 試驗壓力計算。最小試驗壓力應至少等於下列公式計算的值,並四舍五入到最接近的 0.2MPa (25 psi):
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P =2Sft/D
where 其中
D = specified outside diameter of pipe 管道的規定外徑
f = test factor from Table 9.3.1-1 試驗係數見表 9.3.1-1
P = computed minimum proof test pressure for fitting 管件驗證性試驗的最小計算壓力
S = actual tensile strength of the test fitting, determined on a specimen representative of the test fitting, which shall meet the tensile strength requirements of the applicable material of section 5 管件的實際抗拉強度,實際抗拉強度由管件的試驗樣品上測量得出,實際抗拉強度要滿足第 5 部分材料的相關規定。
t = nominal pipe wall thickness of the pipe that the fitting marking identifies 管件標識的管道公
稱壁厚
NOTE: Any dimensionally consistent system of units may be used. 注:可采用一致的單位製。
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- Test Media. The test shall be conducted with water. Trapped air in the assembly shall be purged prior to the start of the test.試驗介質。應采用水壓試驗,組合件樣品中的空氣在試驗前應排盡。
- Application of Test Pressure. A pump with suitable pressure capacity shall be used to uniformly increase the test pressure through yield. Any gauges attached directly to the assembly may be removed and the pressure again uniformly increased at a suitable rate until either failure or the required test pressure has been achieved and held for 180 s. It is acceptable to increase pressure in the test assembly to accommodate reductions in test pressure caused by yielding in the test assembly.加壓要求。加壓泵應具有合適的加壓能力,使試驗壓力均勻增加,以達到材料屈服強度。試驗組合件上連接的所有儀表應被去除,壓力再次均勻地以合適的速度增加,達到爆 破壓力(樣品失效)。或達到要求的測試壓力,並保持 180 秒。當試驗組合件由於屈服變形而導致的測試壓力下降時,可以增加試驗組合件的壓力。
- Recording Pressure–Time Readings. Test pressure versus time readings shall be recorded
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periodically. This may be achieved through electronic means or instrumentation with appropriate resolution and range that has been calibrated prior to the test.壓力-時間數值記錄。測試壓力對時間的讀數應定期記錄。記錄可以通過在測試前已校準的具有適當分辨率和範圍的電子手段或儀器 來實現。
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- Test Temperature. The temperature(s) of the test fluid and components of the test assembly may not intentionally be increased or decreased if doing so would significantly affect a mechanical property or response of any component of the test assembly while it is under test.試驗溫度。如果測試過程中,溫度不顯著試驗組合件的機械性能,則試驗介質和試驗組合件的溫度 不得故意升高或降低。
- Test Results. The test may be terminated if any component (e.g., fitting, pipe segment, fabrication weld) of the test assembly loses containment. The test of the fitting shall be
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considered unsuccessful if there is any loss of containment from the tested fitting before or during the time it is to be held at or above the computed pressure. A proof test is successful only when the fitting being tested withstands for at least 180 s a continuous proof test pressure of at least the computed minimum (see para. 9.3.2) without exhibiting loss of containment or evidence of cracking, fissuring, tearing, etc. in the fitting under test.試驗結果。如果試驗組合件的任何組件
(如管件、管段、焊縫)失去密封,則可以終止測試。如果被測試的管件在規定的保壓時間前或規
定的保壓時間中失去密封,無論保壓壓力等於計算壓力或超過計算壓力,都將被認為試驗失敗。 隻有被測管件無泄漏或開裂、開裂、撕裂等跡象。且被測試的連接件承受至少 180 s 的連續驗證測試壓力,測試壓力的最小值按照第 9.3.2 節計算,驗證測試才能成功。
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- Applicability of Test Results
- Applicability of Test Results
It is not necessary to conduct an individual test of fittings with all combinations of sizes, wall thicknesses, and materials. A successful proof test on one representative fitting may qualify others to the extent described in paras. 9.4.1, 9.4.2, and 9.4.3.不需要對規格、壁厚及材料的所有組合情況進行逐一試驗。在一個代表性管件得出的合格的驗證試驗可代表在 9.4.1、9.4.2、和 9.4.3 範圍內的其他管件。
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- Size Range. One test fitting may be used to qualify similarly proportioned fittings as defined in para. 9.2.1 with a size range from one-half to twice that for the tested fitting.尺寸範圍。一個測試管件可用於符合第 9.2.1 節中定義的類似比例的管件。尺寸範圍為測試管件的 0.5 至 2 倍。
- Thickness Range. One test fitting may be used to qualify similarly proportioned fittings as defined in para. 9.2.1 with t/D ranges from one-half to three times that for the tested fitting. 壁厚範圍。一個測試管件可用於符合第 9.2.1 節中定義的類似比例的管件。t/D 範圍為測試管件的 0.5 至 3 倍。
- Material Grades. The pressure-retaining capacity of a fitting of the same basic design configuration and method of manufacture made from material in a material group as listed in Table 5-1 will be directly proportional to the tensile properties of the materials. Therefore, it is necessary to test only a representative fitting to prove the design of a fitting for all materials in a
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group.材料等級。由表 5-1 所列材料組中的材料製成的相同基本設計配置和製造方法的管件的保壓能力與材料的拉伸性能成正比。因此,隻需要對一個具有代表性的管件進行測試,就可以證明 一個管件的設計適用於同一組中的所有材料。
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- Maintenance of Results
- Maintenance of Results
The manufacturer shall have a quality control (QC) program that verifies the manufacturing process and material used and ensures that the resulting geometry and design thickness of the fittings or joints manufactured reasonably conform to the geometries tested. The QC program shall control the manufacturing drawings and maintain the QC records showing conformance to these drawings. 製造商應具有質量控製程序,以驗證所使用的製造工藝和材料,並確保所製造的配件或接頭的幾何形狀和設計厚度合理,可以滿足試驗形狀的要求。QC 程序也應對製造圖紙進行控製,同時保留顯示滿足這些圖紙的 QC 記錄。
Tests made in accordance with and at the time of previous editions of this Standard are not intended to be nullified by the changes made in this edition’s test procedure and requirements, provided the design criteria for the type tested can be determined. 根據本標準前幾版進行的測試不應因本標準測試程序和要求的更改而失效,前提是可以確定測試類型的設計標準。Whenever a significant change is made in the geometry or method of manufacture, the manufacturer shall either retest the new production or show by analysis that the change would not affect the results of prior tests. 當幾何形狀或製造方法發生重大變化時,製造商應重新測試
新男女羞羞在线观看或通過分析表明該變化不會影響先前的測試結果。
Examples of changes in geometry that require retests are a change in starting thickness or revised tooling configuration. 需要重新測試的幾何形狀變化的例子是開始厚度的變化或修改的工具配置。
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- Proof Test Report
- Proof Test Report
A report of the testing for each joint configuration shall be prepared and shall include 應編製每一種焊接接頭配置的試驗報告,並應包括
- description of the test, including the number oftests and f factor used to establish the target proof test 測試描述,包括測試次數和用於建立目標驗證測試的 f 因子
- instrumentation and methods of calibration used 所用儀器和校準方法。
- material test reports for the assembly’s materials (fitting, pipe, and end caps, if used) 試驗組合件材料的材料測試報告(如管件、管道和端蓋)
- actual final test pressures achieved for each test 每次試驗的實際最後壓力。
- length of time at or above the required test pressure (see para. 9.3.4) 在要求的測試壓力下或以上的時間長度(詳見第 9.3.4 節)
- calculations performed 進行的計算
- locations of rupture, if any, including a sketch or photographs of the assembly 破裂的位置(如有),包括試驗組合件的草圖或照片
- pressure design thickness required in critical areas 關鍵區域所需壓力設計厚度
- certification by the manufacturer and by a licensed Authorized Inspector or other third party having experience in pressure component design and testing 由製造商和具有壓力元件設計和測試經驗的授權檢驗員或其他第三方
- PRODUCTION TESTS
Hydrostatic testing of wrought fittings is not required by this Standard. All fittings shall be capable of withstanding, without leakage or impairment of serviceability, a hydrostatic test pressure required by the applicable piping code for seamless pipe of material equivalent to
the fitting material, and of the size and wall thickness the fitting marking identifies. 本標準不要求對鍛軋鋼製管件進行水壓試驗。所有管件應能經受住由管件標誌識別的管件材料和 NPS 規格及壁厚相同的無縫管材,按適用的管道規範所要求的水壓試驗壓力,無泄漏或有損於使用性能。 11 TOLERANCES
Tolerances for fittings are shown in Table 11-1 and apply to the nominal dimensions given in Tables 6.1-1 through 6.1-11. Where given in the tables, the minimum and maximum dimensions are based on these tolerances. The listings with decimals do not imply precision measurement, such as use of vernier, micrometer, or electronic readout equipment. 管件的公差見表 11-1,適用於表 6.1- 1.1 至 6.1-11 的公稱尺寸。如表中所示,最小和最大尺寸是基於這些公差。帶有小數點的列表並不意味著使用遊標卡尺、千分尺或電子讀出設備等進行精確測量。
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